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Overseas Property Department Zen Invest appeared in ILM
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Overseas Property Department Zen Invest appeared in ILM
The main areas of Zen Invest are the sale and rental of residential and commercial real estate in countries such as: Cyprus, Germany, Austria, Great Britain, Italy, Greece, UAE, Bahrain, Montenegro, France, Switzerland, Monaco, Spain, Portugal, USA, Montenegro, Czech Republic, Thailand, Malta, Latvia, Turkey, Caribbean countries, Asian countries. The company's portfolio includes the best objects of foreign markets, high-yield commercial objects, new buildings in the early stages of construction, objects in private sales, offers with a special discount from developers, large investment projects. The department offers professional expertise and client support at all stages of the transaction, legal and tax support, full transaction management for passport and migration programs (citizenship, residence permit, “Golden Visa”). This new division will be headed by Anastasia Demidova-Zenonos, an expert with 14 years of experience in overseas property. Experience: the developer, in elite real estate agencies in leadership positions. Knowledge of four foreign languages.
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22.02.2019
Victor Reshetnikov, director of the office real estate department, on how to profitably rent an office in a business center
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Victor Reshetnikov, director of the office real estate department, on how to profitably rent an office in a business center
If you choose an office for the first time, it is difficult to do it without mistakes and get into the bull's eye: do not lose money with the park, make the contract correctly, take into account hidden fees and fines. Viktor Reshetnikov, director of the office real estate department at ILM, told how to avoid mistakes and not get caught up in the tricks of owners, what to look for when choosing or drawing up a lease agreement. Before searching the premises Before looking for an office and sort through hundreds of ads, decide on the requirements that the future premises should meet. In addition to the adequate cost, you can make two lists of criteria - important and secondary. To important include the location, layout, engineering equipment, security, proximity to power points, parking. An example of important criteria: - In Presnensky district of Moscow. - Not more than 10 minutes walk from the subway. - At least 5 parking spaces in the parking lot. - Planning Open Space. - Own toilet. - Hour access to the office. - A place for comfortable work of 10 employees - 70 square meters. meters How to calculate the required area? In accordance with SanPiN 2.2.2 / 2.4.1340-03, each employee in an office must be at least 4.5 square meters. Add to this aisles, space for wardrobes, a wardrobe From our practice, the office area can be estimated at the rate of 7-10 square meters per person. Think in advance how many people you will have in 1-2 years. Secondary: - Bicycle parking. - Catering in walking distance. - View from the office. - A fitness center. - Availability of reception. - Infrastructure. Think about whether you need an office. It happens that there are 3-4 specialists in a team, and the rest work on remote access. Or a startup tries a business model and many people don’t need it. Then it is more logical not to rush to rent. It is better to remove a few places in coworking. There is everything you need - office equipment, workplaces, secretary and "negotiation". The cost of the workplace in coworking will be cheaper than in your own office. Where and how to search for office You can search for an office in two ways: 1. With the help of a consulting company. 2. Independently. Pluses treatment in the consulting agency - you will find a suitable option, you will execute documents, the risk of running into a swindler-lessor. For the last point, the agency is in charge of reputation. And a professional broker always knows the average market rental rate in each business center and helps to achieve the maximum discount. The agency undertakes to inspect, prepare and approve a commercial offer, review a contract, provide legal support, and in some cases help with finishing and even organizing a move. On your own you can search for commercial real estate on aggregator sites: Avito, Cyan, Yandex.Real estate, Tenant, etc. There is a chance to find interesting ads, but the search promises to be long and pain street in online catalogs there are not always relevant offers, and often withdrawn from the market. You can arrange a viewing from the first call, but more often you will hear that the conditions in the ad are incorrect. Such searches may take several months. If the issue of finding a room is urgent, it is better to contact a professional. Looking for an office on the streets makes no sense. All offers are already on the Internet. Newspapers or paper ads are rarely used. Search for "feet" is necessary if you are looking for a place with a good cross. For example, open a bakery or takeaway coffee. Then you can be at the point with a clicker to count people. But this is from the category of marketing research, and not the search office. There is an option to sublet. A big plus of this format is an attractive price. But before concluding a sublease agreement, be sure to check the tenant’s agreement with the owner, it must contain a permit for the sublease. Inspection of the premises Before you enter Pay attention to whether the parking is loaded, what size it is and whether it is convenient to drive to it by private car. See how much really go to the subway or public transport. Is there near infrastructure - cafes, shops, dry cleaners? Calculate how many food outlets near your potential office - employees need to have lunch somewhere. You can even go to a couple of places and evaluate whether food is expensive here. This is life, but it determines comfort. Immediately at the entrance See if there is a reception, how security is organized, how the access control system is organized. Find out if the guard is recording outsiders, checking or not documents. If the security is alert, strangers will not go to the floors, and while working, the Oriflame consultant will not break into your office. Going up to the floor, pay attention to the cleanliness of the elevators, the temperature in the building - it should be warm in winter, cool in summer. Engineering Communication Pay attention to the central air conditioning and ventilation systems. They should be in good order and work normally. Check the number of outlets in the room. Find out what kind of load they can withstand: will there be traffic jams if you plug in an MFP and six stationary computers into one outlet? It is good if there are already structured cable networks in the room for quick connection of workstations to the Internet and telephony. Condition of repair If the room is renovated, check the condition of the kitchen and bathroom. There should be no broken plumbing or other equipment. Go through all the rooms - make sure that there are no extraneous smells, does not smell of damp, mold and does not pull warmed borsch from the neighboring office. Ask the neighbors Ask other tenants how comfortable they are in this business center. Learn more Get ready to pay not only for the room. The rental price consists of several parts: 1. Base rate. This is the part of the money that falls into the pocket of the landlord. 2. Operating costs. This includes a fee for the security of an office building, maintenance of engineering networks, maintenance of the territory, garbage collection, cleaning and washing of windows in the building, plus all the services of the management company that provide the office building. 3. VAT. Immediately specify whether the tax is included in the rental price or not. 4. Utility costs. In half the cases, this electricity is over the counter. Sometimes the communal includes heating, water and electricity. Specify who and in what volume pays these expenses. If you pay a communal flat, do not forget to check all the counters, rewrite and enter the actual readings on the date of your actual entry into the contract and acceptance report. 5. Parking. Check if you have parking and how many places you will get. As a rule, the number of places depends on the office space you occupy - the more, the more parking spaces. Ask whether they are fixed or not. If not, then you will not pay for the place, but for the opportunity to park, if someone does not do it before you. Sometimes the owner of the premises indicates a flat rental rate, which includes all or a part of the above points. If you want to save, bargain at the base rate. The remaining costs are fixed and reduce them, refusing, for example, from cleaning, most often does not work. What else to pay attention to? Rental holidays. If the premises are unrepaired, you can get a delay in payment while the finishing work is underway. As a rule, you can get 1-2 months of rental holidays, depending on the footage of the room. Security . How it works, how and who misses. Find out how many people can be in the office, how to get additional cards to enter the building, how much they cost and what to do if you lose your electronic key. Indexing. If the contract is long-term, it is likely that annual indexation will be prescribed in it - the rental price will increase each year by a specified percentage. This is a common market practice, but pay attention to whether such conditions suit you. Management Company . Not always the owner controls the building. This may be a third-party management company. She either rents out offices, or arranges for a business center, or does both. Collect reviews about it, specify the cost of additional services - for example, call a plumber or an electrician. Commercial offer If the room is pleasant, and the conditions announced by the owner are satisfactory, the next step is to get a commercial offer. KP is not a formality. This is a mandatory document, which specifies all the financial terms and conditions for the future transaction. In the commercial offer can be from 15 to 30 points: - financial conditions; - rental holidays; - terms in which the contract will be signed; - who will register the contract (if it is long-term); - the procedure for insuring property and liability to third parties; - the period and the possibility of termination of the contract - for example, with a notice of 3 months; - deposit, the size of which usually varies from 1 to 3 months; - if the owner himself makes repairs, it is prescribed in KP, what will be done and in what time frame. The quotation is signed by both parties to the transaction. It takes at least a week to agree on the conditions. It is necessary for the financial component to be predetermined and at the contract stage no unnecessary debates of the parties arise. Contract The next stage is an agreement. Before signing, ask the owner to submit all legal documents: - TIN; - BSRN; - Charter; - Documents confirming the powers of the signatory; - A document on the ownership of premises, buildings. If the building is adjacent ground parking, where you are offered to rent a car, check the title documents and on it. You must check if the parking belongs to the owner. On your part, you need exactly the same documents, plus an extract from the USRLE or USRIE It happens that the premises are rented out not by the owner, but by the tenant. Check if there is a sublease clause in his contract. Otherwise, the contract may be terminated unilaterally without a refund. Do not rush to sign the contract. Carefully study it with a lawyer. Once again, pay attention to the financial components. Responsibly treat the words "unilaterally." For example, there should be no points that the landlord, on his own initiative and without agreement with you, can: - terminate the contract; - increase the amount of payment and indexing; - allow third parties to enter your territory; -  change provider. Examine all penalties, fines and penalties - their size and conditions. If you do not, you can face significant costs. For example, you need to leave the office in a week. You warn the owner of this. The contract spelled out the minimum term for notification of termination of the contract - six months. The deposit is 2 months rent. In this case, it will not be possible to immediately terminate the lease agreement. You have to pay a fine first. Serious fines can be provided for smoking or drinking in the area. The act of acceptance of the premises Specify in the contract that you accept the office after signing the act of acceptance and transfer of the room. Examine all the flaws - broken taps, noise in the ventilation system, an old outlet at the entrance. Indicate the deficiencies in the act, state who, for what means and in what time they undertake to eliminate them. Describe all appliances and furniture, indicate their condition. So you will not be taken too much after the end of the lease and will not come for the mythical "plasma", which supposedly always stood here. What to remember to rent an office 1. Decide whether you need an office or enough few coworking spaces. 2. Determine why you need an office and what requirements it must meet. Think in perspective. 3. Search through a consulting agency or yourself on the Internet. Do not waste time on trips around the city. 4. Carefully inspect the room. Learn more from future neighbors. 5. Specify all additional rental conditions. 6. Agree on all financial issues in the commercial offer. 7. Check with the landlord for proof of ownership. 8. Sign the contract. Carefully review the fines and penalties. 9. Sign the acceptance certificate of the commercial premises. Source:  https://dasreda.ru
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26.04.2018
Is the office at risk?
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Is the office at risk?
Will offices go to the past? Why do you need a consultant in the real estate market? How to get a reputation as an expert in the market when you are a young company? What will happen to the real estate market in the coming years? Andrey Lukashev, ILM's Managing Partner in the “Risk Limit” program, Mediametrics radio station, talks about this and many other things. Record by reference: http://radio.mediametrics.ru/predel_riska/51716/
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11.08.2017
Congress of Logistics Operators 2017
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Congress of Logistics Operators 2017
“The Congress of Logistics Operators is a new word in information sharing” - Gleb Belavin, Deputy General Director for work with tenants of the MLP MC. On April 28, the “Congress of Logistics Operators” was held, organized by ILM with the support of the general partner of the MLP MC and the partner GK Geek. Leading industry representatives discussed current trends and talked about successful cases and annoying failures. "Improving the efficiency and optimization of logistics processes" - under such a slogan were speakers and panel discussions. Of particular interest was the report of the Deputy Director General for Logistics of the Russian Post Alexey Skatin. Interest was associated not only with the fact that the company rarely speaks to a wide audience, but also with the relevance of the issues covered. The Deputy General Director for Logistics shared the company's successes over the past 4 years, describing a tenfold increase in the volume of sent parcels. Alexey Skatin talked about the deal to buy two of his own aircraft. According to the representative of the Russian Post, this should reduce the time of delivery, as well as ensure the independence of the company from failures in the work of air carriers. The next stage in the development of the logistics system for Russian Post will be the completion of the construction of our own warehouse complexes based on the largest airports in the country. One such complex is already working at the Kazan airport, this year the construction of the IC in Novosibirsk will be completed. Sergey Vereshchagin continued the session, presenting several actual cases on cargo transportation and warehouse logistics. As the speaker noted: “Digital technologies are the future of logistics and whoever guesses exactly which of them will be in demand will become the industry leader.” A separate theme of the congress were innovative technologies that are not yet used in the field of logistics and seem to be out of reach. Vladimir Didenko, Director of Development N.C.Pharm introduced listeners to the “futurological” forecasts of the development of freight traffic. “It is known that now everyone carries air, drives empty flights, suffers losses due to spoiled products, because of the uneven distribution of goods across regions, car accidents and much more, and this situation needs to be changed.” Galina Genfald, Commercial Director of LORUSSCM, shared her business cases during the second session. During her presentation, the speaker spoke about the mistakes that the company made when moving from a company to a captive operator to a full 4pl and how she managed to get out of the series of difficulties as a winner. Of course, at the congress they could not circumvent such an urgent topic as E-commerce today, Elena Golovach, head of the 3PL department of PonyExpress, told about all the nuances of work in this segment. The speaker told how the logistics operator to work successfully in conditions when the buyer, having filled out an application on the website, wants to receive his goods tomorrow and how the customer approach and proximity to the final consumer allow them to win the competition. The congress of logistics operators brought together over 150 leading representatives of the logistics services market with the goal of fruitful professional networking, identifying existing problems in the industry, discussing successful cases and making plans, futuristic and high-tech forecasts. Gorbachev Vera (IDlogistics), Alfred Ekl (Tablogix), Dmitry Ovsyannikov (Smilelogistix) and Dmitry Lobanov (Itella), who answered all the questions of colleagues about fulfillment in Russia, took an active part in the discussion of logistic trends. Time will tell how much the covered topics meet the needs of the future. ILM company thanks all participants of the congress and hopes for a new meeting at the Congress of logistics operators 2018.
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03.05.2017
How to settle the owners of commercial premises in the five-story building
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How to settle the owners of commercial premises in the five-story building
Moscow Duma deputies included in the response to the bill on renovation of the housing stock in Moscow a norm protecting the interests of owners of non-residential premises. The editor of the decree, the head of the Duma commission on urban economy and housing policy, Stepan Orlov, explained that at the proposal of United Russia, the recall indicated the need to provide owners of non-residential premises in the demolished five-story buildings of equivalent premises or 100% monetary compensation based on the market value of the premises. During the discussion of this amendment earlier, the Chairman of the Moscow City Duma Commission on Urban Planning, State Property and Land Use Sergei Zverev noted that the law "On the Status of the Capital" should specify a mechanism for compensating business losses from the demolition of the old five-story building. "For small and medium businesses, the location of the premises often plays a decisive role. And this factor must be taken into account in the law. Every entrepreneur must decide for himself what is better for him to get a room or choose the possibility of monetary compensation. This will not only not lose, but also give additional impetus to the development of small businesses in the city ", - said S. Zverev. The director, the head of the retail real estate department at ILM, Yegor Levchenko, agrees with this position. But not quite sure that even the changes will protect the owners of "non-residential". "In accordance with the text, the owners must receive equivalent, not equivalent real estate, which means possible losses for the owner upon receipt of a replacement. It implies equal footage, but not equal value of the object. If in apartments the difference is not so significant relative to the prices of residential real estate, on the premises of a shopping destination, the cost of the same square in one area may differ by 2-3 times depending on the traffic of people and cars, ”the expert comments. According to his estimates, approximately 30% of the buildings planned for demolition have non-residential premises. This is about 2,000 homes. And if we take into account that in some houses there are several non-residential premises used by the business, then it can be calculated that the program will affect the interests of 2 to 10 thousand owners of non-residential funds. Even if we imagine that all owners will take advantage of the right to compensation, where in the city can we get so many free non-residential premises? Moreover, these changes may have a positive impact on the commercial component of the premises, the expert believes. "New construction will lead to a much higher population density, since the height of modern buildings significantly exceeds five floors, and the layouts of the buildings will be focused on" equivalent "housing relative to current footage in five-story buildings," he recalled. Higher density - more clientele. Concerns from the point of view of business cause the lack of a legal basis for the relationship of owners with their long-term tenants to an expert. "Residents are offered a decoration, and tenants do not fit into the basic offers." Who compensates them for the loss? Especially if the stores are open recently and the costs are far from payback ", - notes E.Levchenko. The expert summarizes that the issue of "resettlement" of owners of non-residential premises requires special attention from the city and federal authorities, because the business, especially small, makes a significant contribution to the city's economy. Recall that the city authorities have announced the complete elimination of the five-story apartment fund. The new program will affect about 8 thousand houses, where 1.6 million Muscovites live. Preliminary lists of homes for inclusion in the housing renovation program will be made by early May. Published on www.realty.interfax.ru
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17.04.2017
Congress of Logistics Operators
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Congress of Logistics Operators
On April 28, 2017, ILM with the support of the general partner, the management company MLP, will hold the 2017 Congress of Logistic Operators 2017. The congress of logistics operators is a closed industry event for market professionals. The audience of the congress is from 150 to 200 people: top managers of the largest international and Russian logistics operators, FMCG logistics directors of companies, manufacturers and distributors, owners of warehouse complexes and market experts. Follow the news of the Congress on the event page on Facebook: KLO2017 Entrance to the event is closed. For participation, please contact the organizers: marketing@ilm.ru
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10.04.2017
How will Trump's victory affect the Russian real estate market?
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How will Trump's victory affect the Russian real estate market?
Should we expect an increase in the cost of housing and commercial real estate? How will the new course of America affect Russia as a whole? Answers to these questions are given by ILM experts. According to Alexander Gurganov, ILM Partner , “the main factors that will determine the dynamics of the commercial real estate market in Russia in the coming years: the level of business activity, the level of purchasing power of the population, the availability of affordable financing for development projects and the amount of vacant space that exists today. Most analysts agree that in the short term, Trump's election introduces an element of uncertainty, which means that the consequences are falling investments, falling oil prices, and the ruble weakening. Further, no one can say with certainty to what extent a number of his election statements will be brought to life. At the same time, we do not mean his most populist statements here. According to analysts at Morgan Stanley , the likelihood of lifting the sanctions in 2017-2018. with Trump's win is about 35%. Of course, this is a positive signal, which affects both the business prospects of foreign companies and the prospects for foreign investment. Further, a radical new approach to the solution of the Syrian problem was heard from the mouth of the new president (support for Assad in the fight against LIH, refusal to support the “moderate opposition”). At the same time, everyone understands that in the absence of Trump’s experience in foreign policy matters, a lot will depend on the candidacy of the new secretary of state, the leadership and the position of the special services, and the willingness of the Senate and Congress to change something in this direction. The American ship turns extremely slowly and reluctantly. A serious negative signal for us is Trump's pre-election statements about increasing production and exporting shale oil, which, with his well-known skepticism and disregard for environmental issues, is quite possible. Trump made serious statements about protectionist measures in the field of international trade, focusing on issues of domestic policy and domestic economy, etc. You can continue to go deep into a multifactor analysis of the possible steps of the new administration, the personal characteristics of the new president and their impact on our lives, one thing is clear: no one can give an accurate forecast. Ball is ruled by uncertainty. Nevertheless, the “Trump Effect” on our segments of commercial and residential real estate, I believe, is the place to be, and it is more likely of a subjective psychological nature that will last for the next six months - no more. Suffice it to say that the day of the American elections passed in our media space and social networks much more rapidly than our own elections of any level. And this revival is not over. "We are waiting for change" and yet "it has become more interesting to live." The breath of these changes came from overseas. From across the ocean came a reminder of the role of the individual in history. Considering the fact that our most influential media worked to create a positive image of Trump, most of our people, regardless of educational qualifications, perceive his victory as a hope for positive changes, including in our home. And if so, then in terms of real estate - “the bottom is passed, the worst is behind, the rise is ahead (when it is not clear, but it’s soon), you have to buy, while cheap, you need to rent, while cheap.” For those who still have the opportunity to do it, of course. We can expect a small surge of activity in the coming months, and what will happen next - real politics and economics will show. ” According to Andrei Protasov, ILM Partner, “the state of relations with the United States and the sanctions directly affect the interest and ultimately the activity of foreign investors and tenants in the Russian Federation. If with Trump's victory the warming begins and the attitude to the Russian Federation in the world is normalized, it will have a positive impact on real estate in the best case in 1-2 years. Still, we should not forget that the main reasons for the lack of interest of foreign investors in Russian real estate are the presence of structural problems in the economy and the fundamental indicators of the real estate market (excess space, falling rental rates, weak demand). ” According to the forecast of Yuri Yudakov, director of the department of corporate real estate solutions of ILM , “Trump’s victory in the elections should not affect commercial and residential real estate in Russia. In the next few months, the US policy towards Russia will not change much. Do not expect the lifting of sanctions, which were introduced a couple of years ago. In my opinion, the political and economic situation inside the country affects the commercial and residential real estate more. Much depends on the policy of the Ministry of Economic Development, the Central Bank, the laws that are passed by the State Duma deputies, and so on. Rising and falling prices and rates depend on supply and demand in the market. ” According to Ekaterina Volkova, a leading analyst at ILM , “now on the market after a long decline, the phase of stagnation has come. The growth of rates may not begin until the end of 2017. However, the recovery will be uneven, the rates will be raised by those owners whose objects are located in the most popular locations. ” Posted by www.cre.ru
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15.11.2016
March the 8th
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March the 8th
Dear Ladies! Congratulations on the International Women Day! Let the spring day bring happiness, warm smiles from relatives and friends. Sunlight warms your soul, the winter cold will give way to spring drip, and your eyes will shine with happiness and spring light. We sincerely wish love and understanding in family hearths, success at work, as well as warmth and tranquility in your hearts. Be surprisingly happy and open to new, beautiful horizons!
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07.03.2016
С Днем Банковского работника
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С Днем Банковского работника
Most people usually get money for getting work done, but there is a small but very valuable category of professionals whose work itself is about money. Many people would like the same, but these people are honest and scrupulous, and not only our life, but also the well-being of the whole country depends on their professionalism! Happy Banking Worker Day to all who belong to this professional field. More success for you, more money for us
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01.12.2015
The office market is «overweight»
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The office market is «overweight»
In spite of the fact that it is still too early to sum up the results of the first half of the year, it is already worth noting that the pace of new construction of office real estate in Moscow remains high. From January to May was introduced 374 thousand square meters. In five months, the total volume of the office space market due to new construction increased by 2.2%. For objects of class A, the increase was 4.4%, for class B - 1.6%. At the end of May, the total market volume of high-quality office space in Moscow reached 17.9 million square meters. m (3.8 million square meters (21%) for class A offices and 14.1 million square meters (79%) for class B), ILM analysts calculated.
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14.06.2015
Retail reduces costs and optimizes purchases
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Retail reduces costs and optimizes purchases
In the list of companies' costs, rent is usually in second place. High rental rates, binding of leases to the euro and the dollar, long-term contracts, inflexible conditions - these are the negative components of leases in the new economic conditions are past. As often happens in Russia, the crisis puts a lot into place and returns acceptable conditions. The managing partner of ILM, Andrei Lukashov, believes that before “reducing staff and cutting vital expenses, it is necessary to revise the costs of maintaining the office and its lease terms. To cut the area, change the office for a cheaper, but better quality, or sublet the extra space, so you can reduce office expenses by 30-40%. For example, the online retailer LaModa moved to a better office, saving 50% of the rent. I advise you to sensibly evaluate your office today - how adequate and convenient it is, does the best staff attract you? In an office space, the number of workplaces, not the number of square meters is an important criterion. The market expects a large input of office real estate, rates will decline. Owners of office buildings and shopping centers will work more flexibly and help their tenants, will provide the right to refuse to rent, the right to increase (or decrease) the area. The main thing now is to look outside the box at standard processes and costs. ”
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03.03.2015
Indices of the Russian commercial real estate market are growing
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Indices of the Russian commercial real estate market are growing
According to the RICS Global Real Estate Survey for the first quarter of 2012, the commercial real estate market in Russia took the lead. In the first quarter of 2012, Russia demonstrated one of the highest rates in the European commercial real estate market. The Russian market gained greater confidence from investors and customers, which affected the growth in consumer demand for real estate. The index of demand for real estate in Russia in the first quarter of 2012 increased by 40%, the supply indicator decreased from -36% to -52% compared with the last quarter of 2011. A similar increase in activity was recorded in Poland and Germany. Andrey Lukashev, MRICS, CCIM, ILM Managing Partner, Member of the RICS Commercial Property Council, comments on the situation in Russia: and continued growth in rental rates in all segments of commercial real estate. Due to the change in the urban planning policy of Moscow, which restricts construction in the city center, and the low current level of quality supply, substantial growth in rental rates in office real estate in the city center continues. The change in the boundaries of Moscow has not yet affected the commercial real estate market, since the declared plans for the development of territories relate to the years 2015-2016. ” An independent international organization representing the interests of specialists in the field of real estate, land use and construction RICS (The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors) was founded in 1868 in the UK. RICS sets standards, regulates professional activities, protects the interests of clients and customers, provides up-to-date information and objective recommendations. www.cre.ru, www.rway.ru  
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05.11.2012
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